Some basic points arising in the contrastive study of analyticity in English and Bulgarian are considered. It is pointed out that the motivation for bilateral diachronic contrastive studies is usually weaker than for the respective synchronic studies. More productive in a number of cases are multilateral studies which ensure a higher degree of certainty in establishing constant correlations between the emergence of analyticity and language contacts. The preference for 124 simplified analytical structure is the manifestation of a universal communicative strategy in conditions of language contact.

This article attempts to delimitate „instrumental meaning“ as a semantic category from „object meaning“ on the one hand and „modal meaning“ on the other. Within the class of noun phrases designating instrumental meaning in both languages the group of noun phrases designating instrumental meaning (cut with a knife) is distinguished from noun phrases designating for instance means of transportation (go by train) or so-called auxiliary instruments (walk on stilts). The author discusses some specific difficulties as to the translation of instrumental noun phrases from German into Russian.

A generalized contrastive analysis of the French and the Bulgarian phonetic systems is made, with a focus on vowels. Some basic articulatory and structural differences are established. While contemporary French features a comparatively tense, primarily front and markedly labial way of articulation of vowels, Bulgarian features a comparatively loose, primarily back and non-labial way of articulation. In contrast to French, where nasal vowels function as separate phonemes, the nasalized vowels in Bulgarian are to be viewed as positional variants of the corresponding oral vowels. Along with these peculiarities, the difference between the accent patterns of the two languages is pointed out.

The article makes an attempt at explaining the substantial differences between Russian and Czech in the ways of expressing the subject in sentences with modal verbs and predicative words. These sentences are classified according to whether their subject is expressed by a separate word, whether it has nominative or other form, and whether it has definite or indefinite reference. The conclusion is made that in Russian there is a much higher percentage of sentences with a non-expressed non-nominative subject which are also used in such communicative situations where Czech uses constructions with a pronominal or a verbally non-expressed subject.

The article investigates four types of constructions containing a double object in Bulgarian colloquial speech, alongside some formal-syntactic correspondences in the colloquial speech of some other Slavonic languages. A conclusion is made about the presence of a syntactic construction in Bulgarian colloquial speech, partly observed also in the standard language, in contrast to the correspondences in the Slavonic languages which are a special result of the action of a universal colloquial mechanism.

The article analyzes verbal denominal predicates whose basis is oriented towards multitudes with behaviour, activity etc. characteristic of its elements. The activity/behaviour of the subject corresponds to these characteristics. Slavonic languages differ according to the productivity of the particular varieties of denominal predicates. The author distinguishes six groups of predicates with a basis showing a behaviour which is characteristic of one or another multitude of persons, e. g. predicates showing profession, social position, behaviour, etc.

The tendency towards terminologization and internationalization of lexis in modern standard Slavic languages gives rise to various innovations, neologisms and occasionalisms. The paper studies some of the most characteristic manifestations of linguistic dynamics in standard Bulgarian and standard Czech. The analysis shows the similarities and differences between the two languages and the reasons for these phenomena

The article gives а short presentation of the Bulgarian да-construction in the context of its functional equivalents in the Slavic languages. The comparison shows the presence of essential typological parallelisms in the formal, distributive, functional and semantic characteristics of the investigated equivalents. Their common features suggest that there are good grounds for them (as well as for the Bulgarian да-constniction) to be interpreted as analytic forms of a mood, identical in its distribution and functions to the conjunctive in classical languages.

The article discusses compound sentences with a subordinate clause of realized condition whereby realized condition is understood also as a condition the future realization of which is certain according to the speaker. The aim is to establish the moods used in these compound sentences and especially the combinations of tense forms in the Bulgarian conditional and main clause, as well as their equivalents in German.

The author points out the presence of a particular parallelism in the use of the terms slavenosrpski (Slavo-Serbian) and slavenobolgarski (Slavo-Bulgarian) by Serbians and Bulgarians in the 18 th and in the first half of the 19th c. In both cases these names mean an affiliation to Serbians, respectively to Bulgarians, to the Serbian and respectively to the Bulgarian nation, whereby their Slavonic origin is specifically emphasized.

The article discusses some peculiarities of the verbal and the nominal component in existential sentences with съм and има in Bulgarian with the rest of the Slavic languages in the background. In Bulgarian there is a formal contrast between sentences of common and concrete existence. The peculiarities of the investigated existential sentences are influenced by nominal analytism, the outward expression of definiteness/indefiniteness in nouns, in doubling of the object, as well as the widest among the Slavic languages sphere of use of има as a verb of existence.

The aim of the article is to establish the full translation paradigm of πον in Bulgarian through its analysis and the observation of its Bulgarian equivalents on a systematic and a discourse level. New information is given on the functional equivalents of πον in Bulgarian which expand its popular dictionary equivalents known so far. The equivalents follow a certain hierarchy in their arrangement, the basic feature of which is their frequency of use. A conclusion is made that πον is a polyfunctional category which varies semantically depending on context.

The article presents a development of some ideas from S. Ivančev’s articles (re-issued in a volume in 1978) about the competition between the 3rd pers. Sing. pronoun in Czech and in Bulgarian and demonstrative pronouns and their zero equivalents in the expression of anaphoric relations in a text. Cases are investigated in which the Czech obligatorily expressed anaphoric to in a syntactically independent (non-attributive) position has a non-obligalory (i. e. alongside the possibility of use of a pronoun) zero exponent correspondence in Bulgarian; for example: Някой почука на вратата. Беше раздавачът. vs. Czech Někto zaklepal на dveře. Byl to listonoš, but not *Byl listonoš.

The article compares the most important phonetic phenomena belonging to the segmental level of contemporary Arabic and Bulgarian and more precisely to their consonant systems. Some new conclusions on the methods of teaching Bulgarian to Arab students are made on the basis of contrastive analysis.

The article discusses the formative -ara, typical of the Serbo-Croatian word-formation system, from the point of view of its functional and semantic peculiarities and the distribution of this element observed in recent years in colloquial speech in SR Macedonia. Some differences are established in the functioning of this formative in the two word-formation systems influencing its productivity, semantics, normative evaluation, etc.

Examples from the international lexicon are adduced in the article, showing how two or more word-formation paradigms distinguished by a semantic feature are established in the framework of etymologically related derivational sequences. They contain functional-categorial positions which partly reflect in an adequate way the prototype and which are partly replenished with secondary home or foreign formations. For this reason, in the comparison of analogous paradigms in different languages structural and/or semantic deviations are established. Their systematic investigation gives evidence of the development of migration of internationalisms and their timely discovery in foreign language teaching helps the achievement of perfect communication.

The article continues а discussion about the problem of the interpretational aspects of grammatical semantics which was presented in an earlier work of the author. The paper analyses the modes of language interpretation of the subject’s semantics depending on the syntactic structure of the sentence. The investigation is based on Russian material.

A method is proposed for measuring various typological indices of morphological paradigms: the average degree of syntheticity (s) and the reciprocal index, the average degree of analyticity (a), the average degree of compositionality (c); the average degree of markedness (m); and the reciprocal index (m), which can be considered as an index of amorphologism (or, in the historical plane, of demorphologization). It is proved on this basis that in language c = a . m and, correspondingly, a = cm. That is why the development towards analyticity leads to the development of composed forms or to demorphologization. Further on, an index of the average degree of discretization of grammatical information on a formal level is introduced (d), and an index of the average degree of polimorphemity of word forms (π) which is one of the indicators of agglutination. On this basis the correlation d = a . π is put forward. Languages tend towards a high d because thus a high degree of isomorphism between the level of expression and the level of content is achieved. However, while in agglutinative languages high d is achieve mainly through high π, i. е. it follows from the agglutinative structure itself, in inflexion languages d is achieved mainly through the increase of a and only partly through the increase of π. And finally out of the first two equations it follows that d = c . m . π (cf. the three ways in which d is increased in the history of Indo-European languages). The correlations are only part of the typological laws which can be explicated in the same fashion.